The Debate Over Banning Smoking in Public Places Essay

The Debate Over Banning Smoking in Public Places In my opinion I think smoking should banned from public places. My reasons for this are; People who smoke should be considerate of that fact that not only are they damaging their own existing health but also they are harming the others around them who are only breathing in the tobacco smoke. During the past ten years of tests, experiments etc. on the effect of smoking both directly and passive, there is now enough scientific evidence to prove that exposure to second-hand smoke both harms health, and worsens existing health problems and at least one thousand people are estimated to die each year in the UK as the result of exposure to other†¦show more content†¦Out of the 4,000 chemicals there are in the smoke these three have a very large affect on the body. The tar is what coats the lining of the lungs making them less able to take in oxygen; it also contains carcinogens, which is the fundamental cause of cancer. The Carbon Monoxide is a poisoness gas that joins up with the red blood cells making them incapable of transporting oxygen around the body. And lastly the Nicotine is the addictive drug which raises the heart beat, narrows the arteries causing high blood pressure, which in most cases leads to heart disease. Already these three chemicals have a vast a ffect on the health of any person. So if people do smoke and have to then why should those that dont smoke have to be affected as well by these toxic chemicals? Smokers arent always aware of what damage they are doing both to themselves and the others around them. Is it fair to bring up children around in a smoking environment? Well in some cases this is inevitable. Parents who smoke may be strongly addicted and may have tried giving up already, might not be able to help bringing their children up in a smoke filled environment, however it is extremely unfair that a young person who is healthy and very able at sport for example should be affected by having to breathe in their parents cigarette smoke, and risk theShow MoreRelatedShould Smoking Be Public Places?912 Words   |  4 PagesThe Debate about Smoking in Public Places Smoking cigarettes has been around for over two thousand years and is a debatable issue in the United States. The issue with public smoking is the controversy between banning it and not banning it. Many non-smokers view it as a harmful bad habit, while users view it as a choice that they are free to make. Opponents of banning smoking in public places feel that it is a choice and that it will take away their free will. â€Å"They argue that people should haveRead MoreThe Main Influence Of Government And The Idea Of Democracy1530 Words   |  7 Pagesservice to the common people and maintains order in society. Politics is the main influence in the decision making the public policies by the government. The Greeks were the first to formally introduce the theory of government and the idea of democracy. The Democratic Debate starts with the Founding Fathers pondering about the system of government. The Democratic Debate is the clash of ideas between elite democracy: a group of elites running the a small government versus popular democracy:Read MoreEssay on Arguments For and Against a Smoking Ban1426 Words   |  6 Pagescountries put age restrictions on its use, over a billion adults smoke tobacco legally every day, and supplying this demand is big business. As well as having serious health consequences for smokers themselves, the pollution of other peoples atmospheres with cigarette smoke also makes this an environmental issue. Attitudes have changed rapidly over the past twenty years. In the developed world, public opinion has shifted against smoking. By the 1990s, the sheer weight of Read MoreThe Debate of Banning Smoking in Public Places Essays718 Words   |  3 PagesThe Debate of Banning Smoking in Public Places â€Å"There is no difference between a smoker and a suicide, only that one takes longer to kill themselves than the other†. Everyone has their rights, and if you want to smoke or not should be your choice because you are doing the damage to your own body. But if it’s supposed to be your choice and every gets their own choice then when you smoke in public places or wherever anyone is around you, you are making that choiceRead MoreTo Smoke or Not to Smoke in Public Essay1011 Words   |  5 PagesSmoke in Public People have strong feelings concerning smoking in public places. Whether you are in favor of or in opposition to it, smoking in public places is a serious concern that need be addressed. I agree that it is unjust for smokers not to be allowed to smoke where they choose, but it is even more unreasonable for non smokers to be subjected to breathing in the exhaled smoke form someone else(passive smoking). Not to mention second-hand smoke is actually worse for someone than smoking itselfRead MoreTobacco Regulation Act Of 20031309 Words   |  6 Pagesaspects: 1. Smoking in Philippine Setting, 2. Related Diseases to Smoking in the Philippines, and 3. Comparison between Philippines and Canada on Smoking 1. Smoking in Philippine Setting A joint collaborative effort of the Republic of the Philippines Department of Health (DOH) and National Statistics Office, through DOH’s100% Smoke-Free Philippines campaign backed by Philippine’s Republic Act 9211, The Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003, conducted two related important studies regarding smoking. Both researchesRead MoreSecond-Hand Smoke1726 Words   |  7 Pagesare you just breathing in the smoke, it is also damaging your body at the same time. Or imagine yourself at your work place, whether it be a restaurant or office, and you are forced to breathe in second-hand smoke the entire time you are there. In this paper you will be informed of the harmful effects of second-hand smoke, and why smoking should be banned from all public places. When you are a smoker you are making the decision to damage your own body, but little do you know you are also damagingRead MoreShould Smoking Be Banned?845 Words   |  4 PagesThe smoking population in London stands around 1.2 million and with such a significant percentage of this city with the habit, it is unsurprising the ban has caused such wide controversy. Without hesitation, I add my voice to the chorus of non-smokers who think this ban goes too far. However, I am not saying that smoking is in any way good as I am extremely aware of the gruesome health risks and unattractive photos of black lungs and lopsided livers that litter the media. I just ask of you Britain;Read MoreShould Smoking Be Legal?1706 Words   |  7 PagesSmoking tobacco has been in existence for thousands of years. For most of its existence smoking has been acceptable, tolerable, and permitted in our mainstream society. In recent years, smoking tobacco has been under scrutiny. Smoking bans have been intro duced to restrict smokers from smoking in public and private places. For example, restaurants, bars, hotels, parks, and beaches throughout the United States have established the bans against public smoking. I discovered this has significance as itRead MoreEssay about The Major Public Health Concern of Tobacco1390 Words   |  6 PagesThe Major Public Health Concern of Tobacco Now, more than ever, more and more people are beginning to look at tobacco use as a major public health concern. It is nineteen ninety nine, and the number of smokers is rising while the average age of smoking initiation decreases. There are those that believe using tobacco of any type should be illegal, or at least restricted. Others believe it is up to the person to choose whether to use tobacco products or not, however most of these people believe

CS Southwest Free Essays

How has the original strategy been altered in recent years? How, if at all, have these changes affected Southwest’s key success factors? Southwest added longer routes to its flights and its fun employees outweighed other service factors. Aside from more flights to more distant locations, there were many opportunities to add shorter flights to schedules connecting existing stations in the network. Expanding to Baltimore was a cautious move that proved fruitful. We will write a custom essay sample on CS Southwest or any similar topic only for you Order Now The airline did not lose its â€Å"LUVS’ culture by operating there. Thus, the Southwest culture as brought to the East Coast. They later expanded northeastward successfully. Other than the afore-mentioned changes, Southwest also agreed to code share with another airline, changed the boarding process and introduced new fares, products, services and policies. All of these changes helped propel the airline even higher than its competitors. 3 What kinds of things over which Southwest’s leadership has some control could go wrong? What should be done to make sure they don’t happen? Decisions to institute service in an airport leading could go wrong. Since there as a risk of traffic delays at Philadelphia, Southwest’s leadership should have made better evaluations. Ample careful planning and consultation should have been made prior to major decisions such as this. 4 Based on your response to question 3, what further changes, if any, need to be made by Southwest’s leadership in the face of competitive moves and general economic conditions? How to cite CS Southwest, Papers

Impact of Globalization and Sustainability on Understanding of Strateg

Question: Write about theImpact of Globalization and Sustainability on Understanding of Strategy. Answer: Business strategy is a term which depicts the unique ideas and steps which the business plans for being the best in the industry. The strategy can also be known as a pattern of decisions taken by the business. Business strategies are made so that the business can make maximum profits and significant position in the industry (Agrawal, 2016). Business strategy has three main elements which impact its effectiveness. These elements are Globalisation, Innovation and Sustainability. These elements have evolved in recent decades. These are newer terminologies which are not even considered by many of the business firms but these elements play a huge role in the success or failure of business strategies. It is seen that most of the business firms were only concentrated on fulfilling the needs and demands of the local markets and the competitors. They had no idea of going global and serving the international markets earlier. Exports were done by some of the businesses only when there was a demand for particular product in some other country (Muciimi Ngumo, 2014). Exports were also popular in few countries like the Unites States and many other countries were not also aware of the term and concept. But after the year 1990, the whole scenario changed and Globalisation came into the whole picture. It is believed that the Internet has acted as a catalyst for the growth of Globalisation. In the present, the growth of business without globalisation keeping in mind is not possible. The rise in technology and innovation has aided globalisation and even the smallest companies are not able to manage their businesses now without the concept of globalisation (Pisano, 2015). Innovation is another element which refers to the birth of something new. It can be new products and services, new business processes, new business models and new changes in the existing products and services. Innovation is necessary to fulfil the ever changing demands and needs of the customers. It is necessary so that the companies can meet the competition in the industry. Every company has to focus on innovation so that it could foster sustainability in the organisation (Hajar, 2015). Sustainability can be defined as maintenance of resources or growth at a certain level without compromising with anything else. In the case of business, sustainability has to be maintained by managing an optimum level of profits or losses or by managing its social responsibility and environmental responsibility. Social and environmental responsibility is the elements which can provide success to the business in the long term (Kohl, 2013). When the business is socially responsible, it means that it is able to keep its employees more engaged with the job and they work in collaboration. It also means that empowered and engaged employees are able to make the firm more innovative and its image will improve in the market. The customers of these firms are also highly engaged. An environmentally responsible firm takes care that no activity of the business is providing harm to the environment (Nyakoa, 2013). How Globalisation, Innovation and Sustainability Affects Business Strategies The business is affected by globalisation which means the exchange of ideas, products, labour, culture, etc. between the countries. The strategies of the business are affected by globalisation because the businesses get more exposure, cheap labour and capability to become more competitive (Ahlstrom, 2010). The structure of management needs to be changed. It has to train its staff for wider business goals. The technological innovation has to be updated and the business has to invest more in technology. This ensures that the business will get an advantage over its competitors. Globalisation has enabled businesses to expand their operations worldwide which provided more value to the business (Wheelen Hunger, 2012). The businesses are now able to procure cheaper labour and material which helps in the reduction of overall costs. For e.g. the companies in the USA hire cheap labour from China where labour is in abundant. This helps in reducing the manufacturing costs and the companies can invest this amount in the development of technology rather than wasting it. This also helped economies to grow significantly. The companies use innovation to increase their competitiveness and to sustain themselves in the markets. Innovation is a strategic process and innovation is always adopted to meet the objectives of the business. Innovation is an integral part of the business strategies because without innovation it is not possible to form strategies for business in the future. Innovations help the companies in delivering what the customers desire from them. In the present business environment, innovation can only encourage and support the business and its growth (Ahlstrom, 2010). Sustainability helps in understanding what should be the main objective of designing strategies of the business. It is seen that the companies ignore the sustainability practices and they do not consider long-term commitments towards society and planet. But the term sustainability used for building future strategies of business help it in maintaining its commitments and in maintaining corporate ethics, citizenship, governance and care of society and planet. It increases the credibility and trust of the public for the brand and also generates empowerment within the employees (Wheelen Hunger, 2012). Globalisation, Innovation and sustainability assist the business in seeking opportunities and in addressing the social and environmental issues. It also helps in the reduction in costs which lead to better strategy development for the business. The successful strategies will result in more productivity and profits for the business. It is like a key partnership between these elements and the business strategy which makes an organisation insightful and forward thinking. It helps the business in becoming the leader and capturing the most of the market (Nyakoa, 2013). Every business needs innovation to move ahead in the market. In the world of globalisation, it is a challenge for the business to convert its ideas and knowledge into the improved products and services. Without innovation and a concept of sustainability in the business, there would be no chances of improvement in the business strategies which would lead to the death of business in the market. That is why, globalisation, inn ovation and sustainability and all interconnected and affect the understanding of business strategies. References Agrawal, H O (2016). An Approach to Business Strategy.Handbook of Research on Promotional Strategies and Consumer Influence in the Service Sector, 154-182. Ahlstrom, D (2010). Innovation and Growth: How Business Contributes to Society. Academy of Management Perspectives. Hajar, I (2015). The Effect of Business Strategy on Innovation and Firm Performance in the Small Industrial Sector. The International Journal of Engineering And Science. Volume 4. Issue 2. Kohl, K (2013). How Sustainability Strategy Impacts Your Corporate Brand and Ranking as an Employer of Choice. Sustainable brands. Muciimi, E N Ngumo, E M (2014). Implications of Globalization for International Business Strategy: A Multi-Sectoral Approach. International Journal of Science and Research. Volume 3 Issue 4. Nyakoa, O M (2013). The effect of Globalisation on Strategic management at Ernst Young. School of Business, University of Nairobi. Pisano, G P (2015). You need an Innovation Strategy. Harvard Business Review. Wheelen, T L Hunger, J D (2012). Strategic Management and Business Policy Toward Global sustainability. 13th ed. Pearson.

While Reading Cyrano De Bergerac, I Found Myself Often Wondering Wheth

While reading Cyrano de Bergerac, I found myself often wondering whether or not Cyrano had led a happy life. Actually, I never once wondered that, but that is irrelevant, because Cyranos happiness is the focus of this essay. Was he happy? Truth be told, I cannot say for sure. If we look upon his life, it would seem that he was a bit of a martyr, always sacrificing his happiness for the sake of others. This is probably the case, but I do not believe that he led his life with his happiness as any sort of goal. That will be a defining case in my argument. What I really believe is that he simply did not care about his happiness. In that sense, he did not so much sacrifice it, as he annexed and divided it when he saw fit. To a further extent, this apathy towards himself probably came from a low self-worth, almost certainly spawned not from his elephantine nose, but the fair maiden Roxanne. Finally, the nose itself, the very icon of de Bergerac, was probably not the problem that Cyrano bel ieved it to be. All of this, however obscure it may seem, is crucial to the question posed of me now. Cyranos happiness was not viewed by him with either a favor or a goal. I cannot believe that Cyrano cared about his own happiness whatsoever. Really, that apathy would probably be the only way that he could emotionally accept his dangerously selfless undertakings. Case in point, his giving of Roxanne to the incredibly undeserving Christian. No real happiness in that action. Roxanne and Christians, maybe, but certainly not his own, and he loved Roxanne. Had Cyrano actually wanted to be happy, the pangs of grief that he would feel as he gave her away would certainly have ripped him apart. But if Cyrano convinced himself that he did not care about his own happiness, then it would at least take the edge off of those bitter emotions that surely plagued his soul whenever he saw his loves face. This triggered diffidence, with all the sacrifice that Cyrano made, may have been the only defense mechanism that he had. Continuing on from Cyranos carelessness for his happiness, we may easily make a jump to his sense of self-worth. Any man who would sacrifice his own love, thus, his entire world, for the sake of his rival cannot have a concern for himself. Cyrano cared for his own fate much like he cared for his enjoyment. That is to say, not at all. He did not feel that he deserved such things as the love of a beautiful woman, or the approval of his peers. Those things were not for him, so he believed. But, with his ideas of reward, I really must wonder. Suppose the one he loved was not so fair, not so charming, and not so damned selective about her partners appearance? Could not Roxanne herself be at some fault for Cyranos incredibly low sense of self worth? Cyrano believed that Roxanne would find him repulsive, what with his nose, should he try to court her. He was right, you know. Do you really think that Roxanne would have accepted Cyranos poetry as valid, much less been able to read it without being influenced by his appearance? Thats doubtful, considering he had to filter his verse through dull-witted Christian before Roxanne would accept such things. Had the object of his affection been a tick less picky about appearance, Cyrano might have not felt so badly about his own appearance. As it is, he was never given that chance. The nose. No matter what chain of reasoning you follow from Cyrano, it always leads back to his nose. That prominent barricade of flesh and cartilage, always in his path. Was it really? Cyranos nose truly did prevent him from attaining a relationship with Roxanne, but, from this, he applied rejection to most everything else. The nose, quite possibly, was only a real barrier because Cyrano made it so. The only ones who thought less of Cyrano for his nose were arrogant fools, much like Roxanne, whom were quickly and efficiently dispatched. But, Cyrano still let his shrunken ego

How to write winning proposals - Emphasis

How to write winning proposals How to write winning proposals Rob Ashton explains how developing your writing skills can help you to win sales. Whether you love them or hate them, you can’t deny that reality TV shows such as The X-Factor provide contestants with honest feedback about their performances. After the tone-deaf wannabes are swiftly weeded out, the ones with raw talent are prodded and guided by Simon et al before being transformed into marketable acts. But when it comes to your sales proposals, the only critics you have are your prospects. There’s usually no training ground before you’re let loose on your public. So if they like what you have to offer, the chances are you’ll get a sale. If they’re uncertain, they may well give you little idea of where you went right or wrong. Imagine that you meet a client and build a good relationship before promising to email over a proposal later in the week. But by the time it comes to putting pen to paper, you’ve forgotten the conversation and struggle to get back into the groove. Instead, you simply send out a standard proposal that leaves the prospect cold and you without a sale. In this case, the client gives some helpful feedback, but it skirts around the real issue. You don’t get the witty one liner that says: ‘great in person, but sounded like a robot on paper’. Most salespeople haven’t been taught how to develop a fresh, personable writing style. But proficient sales writing is a skill that can be learnt. And once you have, your proposals can act as a ‘silent sales force’ that is out there winning business for you while you’re busy pursuing other opportunities. So, become your own judge by learning and applying some simple tips and techniques to your written work. Switch off your computer We tend to live in the virtual world of our computer screens. But at the beginning of the writing process, it’s helpful to get away from the screen and use a pencil and paper to gather your thoughts. So before you type a word, ask yourself the following six questions: What is the proposal about? Who will read it? How much do they already know about the subject? What do they absolutely need to know? How important is the subject to them? How interested are they in the subject (which is not necessarily the same thing)? Doing this allows you to home in on the main ideas and messages you want to communicate. Keep asking yourself: What do you really want to say? Then jot down all the ideas that are essential and important to your proposal. Build a persuasive structure Next, focus your proposal by using the Four Ps technique, which stands for: position (where they are now), problem (why they can’t stay there), possibilities (where they could go) and proposal (where they should go). This approach turns conventional wisdom on its head and is surprisingly effective. It allows you to begin with the client’s situation and needs, and to recommend solutions, while building your credibility in the process. Only then do you write about your pedigree – by which point you’ll just be confirming what they’ve already concluded. Get personal One of the best ways to show your personality through writing is to use words such as ‘we’, ‘us’ and ‘our’. These words help to connect you to your readers. Similarly choose the active voice to make your sentences livelier. For instance, you can write ‘I [or we] guarantee that you’ll notice a difference in three days,’ rather than ‘a difference has been guaranteed within three days.’ Short and sweet Finally, no-one wants to wade through the sales equivalent of War and Peace. Keep sentences to a maximum of 15-20 words and edit ruthlessly until you have a compelling document that begs to be read. Mastering these skills will help you to tailor your writing so that it meets the needs of each particular client. Don’t worry if you don’t hit gold on your first go. For every one-hit wonder in the record business, there are those who’ve created a long, successful career by making constant adjustments to their performance, until they develop that certain something that sets them apart from the rest. For proposal-writing training, see our course for teams and our course for individuals.

Around The World In 80 Days

Types of literary work This lyrical novel is an adventure novel made up of adventurer English who crawled around the world. Inner weaving is historical facts such as the British Empire and global colonies, as well as historically precise places. Theme The theme of this wonderful novel is bold and permanent. At the time of betting, Fokker was sent to the world in impossible hours in 80 days. Throughout the work, Foccer's endless sustainability intertwines with his strict British gentle sensation, which surprises the reader. Celebrities in Bly have reached international standards and her mission is to travel the world in 80 days, as Phileas Fogg did in Jules Verne's 80 day world tour. Bly achieved her goal and in her exile experience her report became a book that traveled the world on the 72nd (1890). After that I entered a small university Indiana ordinary school in Indiana, Pennsylvania, and I learned to become a teacher there. However, immediately after starting the course, due to e conomic constraints Bly was forced to express hope for higher education. After graduating from school, she and her mother moved to the nearby Pittsburgh where they operated the dormitory together. A round-the-world trip for 80 days is a classic trip and an adventure novel. The premise of this novel is that the mission of Phillias Fogg of the hero is to travel around the world in 80 days to reward a lot of money. This task is becoming more difficult, and it seems that Fock is playing continuously. The biggest problem is that spies were mistaken for bank robbery that dropped the speed of Fokker during the journey. My grandfather, John Tisler, never traveled as dramatically as Verne did, but he traveled quite a while traveling around the world. He works for FDA for most of his adult life and his work requires a lot of travel. During his trip his work was to show how to mark the cans that would be sold in the US correctly. A secular reason for the trip, it made it possible for him to tr avel around the world. For many years, he has traveled all over America, Mexico, Germany, France and Italy. Around The World In 80 Days Types of literary work This lyrical novel is an adventure novel made up of adventurer English who crawled around the world. Inner weaving is historical facts such as the British Empire and global colonies, as well as historically precise places. Theme The theme of this wonderful novel is bold and permanent. At the time of betting, Fokker was sent to the world in impossible hours in 80 days. Throughout the work, Foccer's endless sustainability intertwines with his strict British gentle sensation, which surprises the reader. Celebrities in Bly have reached international standards and her mission is to travel the world in 80 days, as Phileas Fogg did in Jules Verne's 80 day world tour. Bly achieved her goal and in her exile experience her report became a book that traveled the world on the 72nd (1890). After that I entered a small university Indiana ordinary school in Indiana, Pennsylvania, and I learned to become a teacher there. However, immediately after starting the course, due to e conomic constraints Bly was forced to express hope for higher education. After graduating from school, she and her mother moved to the nearby Pittsburgh where they operated the dormitory together. A round-the-world trip for 80 days is a classic trip and an adventure novel. The premise of this novel is that the mission of Phillias Fogg of the hero is to travel around the world in 80 days to reward a lot of money. This task is becoming more difficult, and it seems that Fock is playing continuously. The biggest problem is that spies were mistaken for bank robbery that dropped the speed of Fokker during the journey. My grandfather, John Tisler, never traveled as dramatically as Verne did, but he traveled quite a while traveling around the world. He works for FDA for most of his adult life and his work requires a lot of travel. During his trip his work was to show how to mark the cans that would be sold in the US correctly. A secular reason for the trip, it made it possible for him to tr avel around the world. For many years, he has traveled all over America, Mexico, Germany, France and Italy.

Trap-Ease America Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Trap-Ease America - Case Study Example The struggle was proven to be worthy, because it attracted the attention of the people, especially of those in electronic media (my marketing lab). The second issue pointed out is caused by the slow sale rate of the product, which is endorsed on such large scale. The reason of this dilemma is the new design of the product, which customers are not willing to accept readily. Another problem is caused by the unwillingness of retailers to give the product appropriate shelf space, because of their commitment to other old fashioned brands. Also Martha is not able to maintain the prospering relations with large store chains, due to their unrealistic demands. The final challenge is the increasing intolerance of investors regarding receiving a return on their investment (my marketing lab). The fundamental cause of all the issues described, is the unwillingness of customers to accept the new product. The target market for this innovative item primarily consisted housewives, who do not have time to view the electronic media to get the message about a new product, which Trap Ease brought to the market. All of these reasons interact with each other, to cause the downturn in the demand of the product. On the other hand the pressure from investors is causing Martha to find a solution quickly to calm their nerves. But the strategy of the company is not proving to be beneficial (my marketing lab). The company could send the sales force to the homes of the potential customers to demonstrate the usefulness of this product. With the help of this strategy the company could get the feedback from the people about their perception of the product, which will indeed help Martha in understanding the flaws of the product. This method will also assist the company to further modify the product design to improve its performance. Ease Trap can also introduce the marketing strategy emphasizing on the features of the product, which provide safety to the

Quantative methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Quantative methods - Essay Example The distances between each internal on the scale is equal. The location of zero is arbitrary in an interval scale. For example, the difference between 80 degree and 70 degree on a Fahrenheit scale is the same as the difference between 50 degree and 40 degree. But we cannot say that 80 degree is twice as hot as 40 degree because the zero does not represent the lack of temperature but a relative point on the Fahrenheit scale. In ratio scale there are absolute quantities and it possesses an absolute zero. An absolute zero represents an absence of an attribute. We use a ratio scale when measuring weight. If we hear zero kilograms of wheat, then it means there is no wheat. 4. Of the 50 respondents 13(26%) have said that they watch the national network news at 5:30 pm on Channel 5. 9(18%) respondents see it on Channel 3, 21(42%) see it on Channel 8 and 7(14%) were undecided. 9(18%) respondents see the local news on Channel 3, 25(50%) see on Channel 8, 11(22%) see on Channel 5 and 5(10%) ar e undecided. 24(48%) respondents rated the local news station they watched as good. 12(24%) respondents rated it as very good and 6(12%) said that it was excellent. Only 3(6%) rated it as poor. 17(34%) respondents rated the sports coverage as good, 16(32%) rated as very good and 10(20%) as excellent. Only 5(10%) rated it as poor. 35(70%) respondents rated the weather report as good or above. ... 33(66%) respondents say that the network news station is not an influence regarding which local news they watch. The shape of the frequency distribution of the variable X14 is trimodal. It has three modes. It can also be said that it is J-shaped because the highest values are at the extreme left. The frequency distribution of variable X15 is such that it has multiple modes. The shape of variable X17 is bimodal. The frequency distribution of variable X18 and X19 is approximately normal (bell-shaped). Recommendations The average age of the household head in Middletown is 44 years, and most of the household heads are in the range of 24-40 years. So Channel 5 should concentrate on targeting middle age men aged 25-45 so that they gain maximum viewership. Middle aged people usually are interested in sports and local news so Channel 5 should concentrate on showing more sporting events and give up to date local news. Channel 5 should also concentrate on those people who have rated local news , sports coverage and weather updates poorly. Channel 5 should also show sports and local news at prime time as this is the time when the maximum number of people is watching television. On average the people have been living in this state for 26.78 years. So they may be very interested in the local news. It is important that Channel 5 focuses on the local news. People in the area do not watch a lot of TV. They watch an average of 12.08 hours per week which makes it 1.72 hours per day. So Channel 5 needs to find out when the people watch TV the most and then target that spot. 5. Mean, median and mode are the three most important measures of the central tendency. They indicate where the center or the most typical value of the data set lies. The mean is simply

The Inspiration of Country Singers and Country Music Essay Example for Free

The Inspiration of Country Singers and Country Music Essay Jason Aldean, Country singer and Guitarist, has released four Albums and 14 songs to the radio in only six years. It would be unfair for us to say he is a superstar in the making, the reason being he has had concert sold-out amphitheater shows. Jason Aldean has been nominated and won many awards for his magificent music. Aldeans music talks about familys, life, relationships, to losing a family member,and everything else you can think of, all of his music will inspire you in different ways even if it puts a smile on your face, or even if it makes you cry. Jason Aldean grew up in Macon, Georgia. His parents seperated when he was three years old, and spent his life growing up with his mother in Macon. The times he got to see his father was the summer time. His father taught him how to play the guitar while he was there with him. Aldeans father lived in Homestead, Florida. The Georgia native was listening to country music before he could talk. He was going to country concerts by the time he was in grade school. He was playing guitar before he reached his teens and was performing country music professionally while he was a junior-high student. Aldean fell under the spell of Country music, and inspired him to do what he loved to do the most. Aldean made his first public appearance as a singer at a VFW hall in Macon when he was 14 years old. After all he has done he became a regular at talent contests, then continued on pursuing a music career on a full-time basis. He graduated from High School, also continued on to College. Aldean privately financed an eight-song CD to sell at shows recording it in Nashville in 1996. Jason Aldean is a major country star. He also had won the ACM award for the top Male Vocalist. He will continue to inspire many people all across the world with his compassionate music and the effort and love he puts forth into his singing he will always be an inspiration to many across the United States. Aldean is always wearing his cowboy hat anyone would rarely see him without one on, once in awhile he would change up to wear a baseball cap, its pretty much his signature style to wear his cowboy hat. Jason Aldean has a beautiful wife Jessica, he married his high school sweetheart, and now they have two loving daughters, who look up to their father. Aldeans daughters honestly have their dad wrapped around their fingers. Jason Aldean also fell into several flaws with starting to moving on with his passion of country music, to write, to sing and be a guitarist of the music he loves. Jason also thensigned into another record deal but then soon after it was dropped in 2000 because he kept postponing recording sessions one after another. His manager at the time; Lawrence Mathis, who had said to him that Aldean has six more months to get a record deal, or Aldean was moving back to Georgia. Jason Aldeans debut album is a country-music triumph, and maybe thats because hes been working toward it, quite literally, all his life. In my opinion, his move to Nashville was a great move for him and recording was his destiny. Like the old saying goes, the darkest hour is just before dawn. In the summer of 2003, Jason was ready to throw in the towel. Hed been dropped from a record companys roster. His songwriting contract was expiring. He had a new baby, a mortgage and two car payments to make, and nothing looked promising on his musical horizon. For five years hed been trying every way he could think of to make it in Nashville, and all he had to show for his efforts was a broken dream. Jason signed with Broken Bow Records. This just shows how committed Jason is to his career, to never just give up, or forget about it, but to keep on pushing forward with it. This shows his fans and family that he will never quit or give up, just to stay strong and keep their heads held high.

Sacred Scripture :: essays research papers

The term 'Scripture' refers to the sacred writing of the Old and New Testament. Sacred Scripture are the books which 'contain the truth of God?s revelation and were composed by human authors inspired by the Holy Spirit' (CCC 105). Sacred Scripture is one of the several names denoting the inspired writings which make up the Old and New Testament. The words of the Sacred Scriptures, 'for their part proclaim the works and bring light to the mystery they contain'. The term 'Tradition' refers to the living transmission of the Gospel in the Church. ?The oral preaching of the Apostles, and the written message of salvation under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, are conserved and handed on as a deposit of faith through the apostolic succession in the Church? (CCC 77-78). Sacred or apostolic tradition consists of the teachings that the apostles passed on orally through their preaching. These teachings overlap with those contained in Scripture, but the mode of their transmission is different. However, Tradition generally refers to Christian teachings and practices outside of the Bible that are handed down from generation to generation. Sacred Scripture and Tradition consist of similar teachings, but these teachings are transmitted in different ways, Sacred Scripture is the speech of God as it is put down in writing under the breath of the Holy Spirit (CCC 81) while, Tradition transmits in its entirety the Word of God which has been entrusted to the apostles by Christ the Lord and the Holy Spirit (CCC 81) Scripture and Tradition are related in Catholic Theology. They are connected to one another, ?Sacred Tradition and Sacred Scripture make up a single deposit of the Word of God? (CCC 97). ?Both the living Tradition and the written Scripture have their common source in the revelation of God in Jesus Christ? (CCC 75-82). Catholics view Scripture and Tradition as two sources of revelation. Revelation is the way in which God reveals his divine plan to all mankind, it is ?God?s communication of himself, by which he makes known the mystery of his divine plan? (CCC 50). God reveals himself through Sacred Scripture and Catholic Tradition. God revealed himself most fully through the Son (The Word), Jesus Christ, and there will be no further Revelation after him. However, through Scripture and Tradition, the mystery of God has been passed down through the ages.

Machinery vs. Human Characteristics in Grapes of Wrath Essay

Humans and machinery have one major difference that sets them apart: emotions. Machines don’t feel emotions the way humans do , or have characteristics like humans. In chapter 5 of John Steinbeck’s The Grapes Of Wrath, Steinbeck is portraying a land owner giving the bad news to a tenant farmer that he is being kicked off his land, who does not take it lightly. Throughout the chapter , Steinbeck is depicting the idea that machinery is void of all human characteristics and emotions. As humans becomes less powerful in the time period of Steinbecks novel , machinery is taking over their jobs. â€Å"The tenant system won’t work anymore. One man on a tractor can take the place of twelve or fourteen families. Pay him a wage and take all the crop .† (Steinbeck 33) Technology affects everything more and more as the decades pass. With the progressing technological advantages , farming equipment has become cheaper and more easily attainable. Hiring one man for a job twenty people used to do, leaves the unemployment rate to skyrocket. The only thing affected by this was the people. As long as the bank got the money to continue to run it didn’t care whose home or land it took. â€Å"†¦..a bank or a company can’t do that, because those creatures don’t breathe air, don’t eat side-meat. They breathe profits; they eat the interest on money.† (Steinbeck 32) The bank is technology that was created by man , but not controlled by man any longer. Banks thrive on money because it’s the only way they stay in control. Just like tenant farmers eat meat and breathe , banks expand and live on interest money and profits of companies. As a machine , banks don’t have any emotional connection with humans which make the reader not have a personal connection like they would with a character. When Steinbeck continuously refers to the bank as â€Å"the monster† in the chapter, he sets up the readers mind to automatically disconnect and refrain from forming a liking to the machinery in the chapter. The human race has learned to control emotions and feelings throughout the decades of life. Machinery and technology are new advances society has yet to control oneself around. After the news came to the tenant farmer that his family would be kicked off their farm, the man who now took place of all the old farming families came to plow with his tractor. He was an old farmer of the land , who now was receiving three dollars a day to plow with the tractor. The man has no emotion toward his neighbors , he only spoke the words that he needed to feed his kids. When the man was given the opportunity to get pulled out of the failing farming market , he jumped at the chance. He had no control over what would be a better decision for his ex-fellow tenant farmers, for he would be plowing over their homes soon. The machinery got the farmer by the throat and tricked him into thinking he would be better off . Society often gets sucked into this fake world of technologies and machinery where we believe it’s all real and almost like a human life , but it’s not. â€Å"We all got to figure. There’s some way to stop this. It’s not like lightening or earthquakes. We’ve got a bad thing made by men, and by God that’s something we can change.† (Steinbeck 38) Men created the machinery that is potentially ruining the lives of hundreds of farmers, but the machinery is no longer run by men. Men lost control when the technologies became too powerful and society demanded more out of the creators. Machinery has no soul , or heart like a man does but it can still take control of people and situations due to the pure strength of it. Not like a natural disaster , machinery that men created take a lot more fight to take down. The machinery and technological advances of society had a way to take over and ruin the lives of humans. Devoid of all emotion and characteristics relating to humans , machinery affected many jobs, and lives of families in the decade depicted in Steinbeck’s novel . Steinbeck, John. The Grapes of Wrath. New York: Viking, 1939. Print.

On Conflict Settlement Essay

Schick (1995) defines a conflict as a â€Å"distinctive structure of desires and a belief† (p. 58). A conflict arises when an agent wants x and y wherein x and y are the only options available to the agent. Given this situation, an agent may choose to react in two ways. First, the agent may choose to avoid the conflict or second, the agent may choose to resolve the conflict. In the resolution of a conflict, the agent starts to think rationally by seizing to think that the options available to him involves choosing both x and y or losing both x and y. In this sense, the agent enables the resolution of the conflict through an internal mediation of his or her desires. The same thing applies when it comes to interpersonal conflict. The difference between the two merely lies in the existence of a particular situation wherein the desires and beliefs of two or more agents tend to counter that of the other. This shows the manner in which conflicts enable the â€Å"balancing of power† within an agent or within a group (Rummel, 1991, p. 76). The balancing of powers resulting from the occurrence of a conflict enables the balancing of the following elements: interests, capabilities, and wills. Rummel (1991) notes â€Å"conflict is a balancing of individual interests, capabilities, and wills. It is a simultaneous solution to the equations of power† (p. 77). Within an interpersonal conflict, it does not necessarily mean that the agent(s) whose beliefs and desires take precedence over the other is the agent(s) who hold power within a group. The balance of powers refers to the mutual satisfaction of the different and contending interests within a group. In other words, the balance of powers may be understood as the result of the mediation within an interpersonal conflict. In the previous presentation, one of the groups presented steps that may be followed in case a conflict arises. The steps that they provided involve the agent(s) development of self-awareness. The importance of self-awareness here can be seen if one considers that it is only through the agent(s) identification of the clashing beliefs and desires that the agent(s) will be able to achieve the resolution of the conflict. This was shown by the group through a skit that they presented in class. One might note that in the skit itself, the group was able to present that failure to develop awareness may lead to aggression which might further enhance the conflict at hand. The importance of this skit does not lie in its means of providing an example for those who were present; it also enabled the audience’s direct experience of a conflict. Deutsch et al (2006) notes, â€Å"observing models deal effectively with difficult situations allows the observer to achieve greater freedom in coping with current and future problems of all sorts (p. 309). Despite of this, the group however, was unable to show that resolution and aggression are not the only means in which a conflict may end. Matthews and Roberts (2004) notes that conflicts may also lead to â€Å"collaboration and appeals to authority† (p. 451). Although one might state that this also leads to the resolution of a conflict in the sense that it ends a conflict, it is important to note that conflicts that end in this manner further breeds the creation of further disagreements amongst the agent(s) involved. Matthews and Roberts (2004) further notes that in the resolution of a conflict, there are certain skills which individuals should learn. These involve â€Å"active listening, assertiveness, expression of feelings in appropriate ways, empathy and perspective taking, cooperation, negotiation, and methods for countering bias† (p. 451). Although the group was unable to present all of these point, they were able to relay well the information that they had prepared for the presentation. In summary, given the time constraints on the group, I think the group was able to relay helpful information that will aid the members of the audience in the process of understanding and handling situations that may lead to both personal and interpersonal conflict. References Deutsch, M. et al. (2006). The Handbook of Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers. Matthews, G. & R. Roberts. (2004). Emotional Intelligence: Science and Myth. Massachusetts: MIT Press. Rummel, R. (1991). The Conflict Helix. London: Transaction Publishers. Schick, F. (1997). Making Choices: A Recasting of Decision Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

drug testing essays

drug testing essays The ethics of drug testing has become an increased concern for many companies in the recent years. More companies are beginning to use it and more people are starting more to have problems with it. The tests are now more than ever seen as a way to stop the problems of drug abuse in the workplace. This brings up a very large question. Is drug testing an ethical way to decide employee drug use? It is also very hard to decide if the test is an invasion of employee privacy. The ethical status of workplace drug testing can be expressed as a question of competing interests, between the employers right to use testing to reduce drug related harms and maximize profits, over against the employees right to privacy, particularly with regard to drug use which occurs outside the workplace. (Cranford 2) The rights of the employee have to be considered. The Supreme Court case, Griswold vs. Connecticut outlines the idea that every person is entitled to a privacy zone. However this definition covers privacy and protection from government. To work productively especially when the work may be physical it is nearly impossible to keep ones privacy. The relationship between employer and employee is based on a contract. The employee provides work for the employer and in return he is paid. If the employee cannot provide services because of problems such as drug abuse, then he is violating the contract. Employers have the right to know many things about their employees. Job skills and training can even be investigated by the employer. The employee is to perform services and these services must be done in a certain manner. Someone who is incoherent because of drug abuse cannot be a pilot for example. This is why employers can test to see if characteristics or tendencies would affect performance. An employee may not want to give a urine or blood sample. The employee may not want to include all of their referen...

Compare and Contrast Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Compare and Contrast Research Paper - Essay Example This art shows the philosophers gathered together learning from each other and sharing ideas. The great figures in history lived at different times. However, The School of Athens illustrates the great scholars under one roof. Two great thinkers, Aristotle and Plato, are conspicuous in the painting. The duo has played crucial role in shaping the Western thinking. In addition, their philosophical differences have been incorporated into Christianity (Kleinbub 52). However, Aristotle holds his hand down, a clear indication that humanity can only subscribe to the reality that can be seen or experienced by tough as well as sight. This, in essence, is the exact reality that Plato had dismissed. Aristotle holds his famous book (Aristotle’s Ethics) essentially emphasized elements of justice, relationship, government of the human world, and friendship, as well as reasons for the study (Kleinbub 52). Pythagoras is to the lower left of the painting, The School of Athens. Pythagoras held t o the belief that the world as well as the movement of the stars and other planets operated in a manner that was reflective of distinct mathematical laws (Kleinbub 52). Incidentally, the mathematical laws had close connection to the ideas of cosmic and musical harmony. Apotheosis of Homer was a remarkable work by Ingres (1827). ... However, Homer appears to rein above all the great ancient artists and writers in history. Ingres intended to depict the painting to be the sum of aesthetic rules though it barely lived to the expectation. Incidentally, the creation of this painting was a result of the artist (Ingres) combining more than 100 small drawings for the various characters (Kleiner & Helen 782). Each of the assorted characters made the drawing more precise and detailed in equal measure. Apparently, Ingress conducted an extensive study of the paintings and other artistic works of assorted artists. For instance, he studied the paintings of Raphael, Apelles, and Poussin, the playwright, as well as other important figures, including the Roman and Greek gods. Jean- Stylistic Analysis The School of Athens (by Raphael) provides high renaissance perspective with regard philosophers, scientists, mathematicians who held divergent views, conducted researches, and held different perceptions about the universe and other phenomena (Strinati 28). In the art, Plato is seen holding his book called The Timaeus. Plato (on the left) points up which is a clear implication of his philosophy about everything in the universe being merely a shadow of the higher, eternal reality that is not only unchanging but also eternal. These include things such as beauty and goodness (Strinati 28). In essence, he holds to the belief that the other worldly reality is in fact the ultimate reality, and the seat of beauty, justice, wisdom, and truth. However, Aristotle holds his hand down, a clear indication that humanity can only subscribe to the reality that can be seen or experienced by tough as well as sight. Auguste-Dominique Ingres first exhibited the Apotheosis of Homer in 1827 in the yearly Salon. This art

How can knowledge of macro and microeconomics help the small business Essay

How can knowledge of macro and microeconomics help the small business owner today The large multi-national corporation - Essay Example With this in mind, business owners need to know that having a pure monopoly right in the market means that price elasticity is not present (Mankiw). When the business owner has a monopolistic right over his business, the business owner has the advantage to increase the market price of goods and services they are selling (Blinder, Baumol and Gale: 212; Binger and Hoffman: 391). However, monopoly is often characterized by a demand curve that is slowing downwards (Mankiw). Therefore, for a monopolistic company to increase its sales, the business owner should still decrease the market price of goods and services up to such point wherein the company’s target market is willing to spend. In case of perfect competition, the business owners are being challenged to keep the market prices of their goods and services more affordable (Mankiw: 313). Macroeconomic theories are important to business owners as it gives them a better insight and understanding about the external factors that may occur in international markets which may eventually affect the domestic market. Aside from discussing aggregate demand and aggregate supply (Dornbusch, Fischer and Startz: 79), macroeconomics is not limited in examining a country’s import and export but also other economic concepts related to trade balance, capital inflows and outflows, trade balance, and foreign investment among others. Since we are in the era of globalization, macroeconomic theories help business owners who are into import and export make important business

Assignment 1 Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Assignment 1 - Case Study Example 20) whereas extroverts are known for their desire to become oriented externally with other people (Fox, 2010, p. 229). Since people in general can be introverts, there is nothing wrong with having few friends because this can be a personal choice. However, the fact that people tend to walk away each time she enters a group is a clear sign that Peggy does not have a good social well-being. person, it simply means that Kathy has an introvert-type of personality. The fact that she is well liked and that other people are asking her for some advice only means she has a good social life. With regards to her physical health, the fact that she undergoes physical training strongly suggests that that she is physically healthy. The only exercise that Mary has is her daily walks and performing her daily activities. Avoiding TV at night and staying active during the day time is good. In fact, there is nothing wrong with daily walks. To stay physically healthy, Bragg and Bragg (2003, p. 82) mentioned that each person should have their daily walks of 2 to 3 miles each day. However, the fact that Mary avoids wasting time at the gym or paying money for special health classes can be a sign of poor physical health. Undergoing a rigorous exercise program each week is necessary to make Mary sweat and ensure that her heart is in good condition (Bragg and Bragg, 2003, p. 82). The fact that Mary chose not to exert an effort in losing weight or to be more physically fit may eventually put her at risk of having a poor physical condition. Mary is also known for being a perfectionist. Basically, perfectionism is defined as â€Å"behaviour that exceeds what is required of a situation† (Cockerill, 2002, p. 78). For this reason, Mary is prone to feel dissatisfied with anything that she can achieve in class. As one of the brightest student in class, Mary was able to get straight A’s in Biochemistry. In case she gets B in Biochemistry, Mary can be at risk of feeling depressed.

Clinical Judgement and Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Clinical Judgement and Decision Making - Essay Example After that discovery is when R. L could be treated and despite the fact that he took time to heal, he eventually recovered from all the diagnosis. This clearly implies that R. L had a problem with judgment and decision making process. Clinical judgment is a very critical aspect of human life because a clinic or healthcare is an environment that deals with human life (Luker and Kenrick 2002). Any judgment made is related to human life. For example, R L’s case is a problem on his body where he is unable to swallow food properly. Decision-making is very crucial in such a situation because R.L was suffering and when he goes to the hospital he refuses to share his problem with the physician. In such cases, the doctor is unable to make judgment concerning the best approach for R. L’s condition. In some cases, decision-making becomes a dilemma. For example, during operations of transplant of kidney from one person to another where both people are operated, the physician is for ced to save one person meaning that he or she has to make a critical decision. In fact, judgment in clinical field is very crucial and it requires professionalism and experience as observed in R. L’s situation. According to Dowie, judgment in clinical context is defined as the evaluation of the alternative, the choosing between alternatives, and suggests that judgments are normally in certain way an evaluation of the future (Dowie 1993). R. L’s future was determined by the speech pathologist who made a very crucial decision of assessing him and finding out what his problem was and moving further to treat him. In suggesting this, Dowie debates that if a decision is to be regarded sensible then certainly some knowledge of what the prospect might seem like... The author of this essay assumes that in the current world, there is a well-established and mounting body on judgment and decision-making (JDM). There has been a recurring discussion concerning the constructs and description of judgment and decision making process. This means that there is no universal definition of JDM because these descriptions range significantly across disciplines, philosophies and professions. Nevertheless, judgment is observed as a professional selection other than task: genuine life practice rather than imagined actions of those who view professional status as a good in its own other than a way to an attractive, namely the higher quality care and treatment of patients. In the end the authors sums up that the literature and speculations of JDM are widespread and inclusive as they are contentious. There is no single way to organize the research and literature on JDM. It is apparent that there are distinguished and contesting accounts of JDM in the research and literature. There are several researches done on Judgment in paramedic practice. Some of them are researched well with deep explanation and concrete evidence on facts. However, some researches and theories are not up to their tasks because some of their findings had no concrete proofs. However, for all the theories written concerning judgment and decision-making process, descriptive theories are the best because they are consistent with all the rules and principles of nursing and healthcare.

The Formation Of Malaysia 1963 History Essay

The Formation Of Malaysia 1963 History Essay INTRODUCTION The formation of Malaysia is on 16 September 1963. Tunku Abdul Rahman proposed Malaysia and Singapore made, Sabah, Sarawak and Brunei in the British colony formation. All four colonies initially agreed to join the Federation. à ¦Ã…“-à ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ » à ¦Ã‹Å" ¾Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ¹ à ¥Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬ Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ­-à §Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ ©Ã… ¸Ã‚ ³ However, this suggestion was objected to, because they claim the Philippines claim Sabah. The proposal also received from Indonesia opposed to it as a conspiracy of neo-colonialism by the Sukarno and the powerful Indonesian Communist Party of view. In 1955, and later in 1959, Singapore had suggested that it be merged with Malaya. But this proposal was rejected Malaya. At that time, Singapores population including China and Malaysia worried that this may affect the racial composition, which is mostly Malay. There are also concerns, the Communist Party, their activities are still rampant in Singapore, Malaya and obstacles that may affect the struggle to eliminate the threat of communism. à ¦Ã…“-à ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ » à ¦Ã‹Å" ¾Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ¹ à ¥Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬ Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ­-à §Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ ©Ã… ¸Ã‚ ³ However, four years later, the Malaysia independence, Tunku Abdul Rahman, the Malayan Prime Minister, state that he said in his speech proposed merger of Malaya, Singapore and the Borneo territories of Sabah, Sarawak, and Brunei took the region by surprise on 27th May 1961. Because the state of politics and economy in Singapore and the other territories so his suddenly change his mind. The proposal also to accelerate in Sarawak, Sabah and Brunei, the immediate effect of political development. Election for the first time to be held in Brunei and Sabah in 1962. However, continued Philippine and Indonesian opposition led to the sending of a United Nations mission to Borneo in 1963, which also reported that the public opinion was in favoured of joining Malaysia. Brunei then pulled out due to an armed revolt staged to oppose its entry to Malaysia. Singapore was part of the newly formed Malaysia in 1963 but withdrew in 1965. ANSWER What are the factors that affect the formation of Malaysia? Factors that led to the proposed merger because of Tunku Abdul Rahman is combined with the desire for economic purposes, Singapore is one of them. Singapores large industrial enterprises and large population, added as an important trading port in the region for more than one position. Tunku Abdul Rahman is also trying to get rid of the colonial these colonies. Malaya independence has reached four years ago. Although Singapore has implemented a large extent, an autonomous policy, Sabah and Sarawak, Britain is still very much under control. In Brunei, Sudan to maintain his autocratic power, but the residents were forced to receive advice from the UK. Tunku Abdul Rahman believes that a merger with Malaya will speed up these colonies independence from Britain. à ¦Ã…“-à ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ » à ¦Ã‹Å" ¾Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ¹ à ¥Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬ Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ­-à §Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ ©Ã… ¸Ã‚ ³ Another factor is the bastion of communism more than Singapore. Over time, their activities did not stop. And then by Singapores Minister Mentor Lee Kuan Yew, who, with disputes about the strike in the mid 50s frustration, led to the decision of his Government to draw some of the Communists, hoping to find favor with them, and eventually soften their blow. However, continue to adhere to the activities of the Communist Party and eventually formed his own political party, known as the Socialist Front, they were forced to resign from the government. Fear of Malaya will be in grave danger should support the CPC decided to cross-strait their allies in Malaya, Tunku Abdul Rahman believes that the merger with Singapore will make it easier to deal with the Communists. à ¦Ã…“-à ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ » à ¦Ã‹Å" ¾Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ¹ à ¥Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬ Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ­-à §Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ ©Ã… ¸Ã‚ ³ In addition to Singapore, Sarawak, communism is also booming, where the Communist Party formed an underground association, to play its associations of workers and peasants of the students. In addition, there are between these areas of cultural similarity. United Overseas composition of the population, and there is a Malayan Malays, Chinese and Indians mixed array. By some members of UMNO Malays outnumbered by the initial fear of being dispersed, they were convinced that the ethnic balance will be a Borneo territories, including most of the Malays and indigenous groups, and the Malay Asia combined recovery. The factors that affect the formation of Malaysia are also avoids the threats and communist influence by other territories. More and more, the independence of Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei and Singapore also need to cover up. The defense of indigenous communities and the safeguard the interest of indigenous rights in Sabah and Sarawak are very important for Tunku Abdul Rahman to take care and concern about it. Who is giving the issues the formation of Malaysia? That is Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei and Singapore. Their response are very important when formation of Malaysia. And also the process of formation of Malaysia is important too. The process is Malaysia solidarity committee, Cobbold Commission, inter-governmental committee, and Singapore referendum. Sabah is giving the issue about the party pro-anti Malaysia, Sarawak is giving the issue about there are no economic different, Brunei is giving the issue about believe that they can independence by their own, no need depend with others, while Singapore is giving the issue about the party people of Singapore. The chairman of Malaysia solidarity consultative committee is Tun Haji Mohammad Fuad Stephens, previously known as, Donald Stephens. He played a key role in negotiating the independence of Sabah. He collects the data from the citizen to form the formation of Malaysia. Malaysia Solidarity Consultative Committee (MSCC) to inform the people of the benefits of the merger. The chairman of Cobbold Commission is Lord Cobbold. He is going to Sabah and Sarawak to collect the data from the citizen when formation of Malaysia. He will discuss the merger of Sabah and Sarawaks response. Two months later, received thousands of letters to and Sabah and Sarawak and the numerous public meetings of the thousands of interviews, come to a consensus. Only one-third of third of the population rejected the merger, want to join Malaya before achieved their independence. Wholeheartedly support the merger or other two-thirds or support, on the grounds that its rights be retained. Won the majority in favor of the merger, which is approved by the British. The chairman of Inter-governmental committee is Lord Landsdowne and Tun Abdul Rayak. The function of inter-governmental committee is forming a Federation of Malaya. It is concentrated on Islam, Malay, education and integration. In Malaya, Singapore remains, so the initial interest, eager to merge with Malaya, Tunku Abdul Rahmans proposal in 1961. His efforts paid off, September 1, 1962 referendum showed that 71.1% of the population, Singapore supported the merger. Singapore is committed to autonomy, education, income and labor, while the central government will operate in Kuala Lumpur. Its free entrepot status will also be maintained. Such as Singapore, Brunei, also keen to merge because of its ruler, Sultan Ali Saifuddin was hoping to get greater protection from the likes of Malaya. AM Azahari, the opposition party, the party National Front leader, but strongly against the merger, and which resulted in one of the Brunei government, he was defeated in the resistance. Azahari an ulterior motive merge all the territories and the North Borneo Brunei placed in their reins. When the establishment of Malaysia, Indonesia and the new establishment rejected due to their own ulterior motives, Philippines. Sabah claimed by the Philippines, pointed out that the Sultanate of Sulu under the Sabah belongs to the Philippines came. Therefore, the Philippines is not recognized as an independent state official statements or the occurrence of on16th September 1963 Malaysia.à ¦Ã…“-à ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ » à ¦Ã‹Å" ¾Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ¹ à ¥Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬ Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ­-à §Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ ©Ã… ¸Ã‚ ³ CONCLUSION However, North Borneo and Singapore declared August 31, 1963 sovereignty. Indonesias opposition, and later upgraded to a military conflict with Malaysia. Indonesia, Sarawak and Sabah as the colonial province of new forms of Borneo Island in Malaysia (bordering Kalimantan, Indonesia), they laid claim. In order to ensure that Indonesia, Malaysia is not neo-colonialism, a referendum by the United Nations and Lord Cobbold Commission Cobbold leadership, organization, form, developed to determine whether the people of Sabah and Sarawak wished to join Malaysia. The end result, which indicates strong support for Malaysias Sabah and Sarawak between people, Malaysia has paved the way, and declared the road. OF: Federation of Malaysia subsequently announced the formation of 16 September 1963, Malaysia. Independence Day celebration is still held on August 31, the original Malaya Independence Day. Malaysia has enjoyed 53 years of independence, is known as a sovereign state of the world. We can achieve the economic, political and social stability, to the developed countries rapidly. Although Malaysia is a pluralistic society, different ethnic composition, they can live, mutual cooperation, both in harmony to build a strong and developed country presence. Understanding between races, but also created national unity, played in shaping the political stability of Malaysia as a very important role in the country. QUESTION 2 2.1 INTRODUCTION New Economic Policy (NEP) is a socio-economic program in the Malaysia which was introduced in 1971 by Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak, Dato Hussein. Implementation of divide and rule policy will turn the British in the Malay community cohesion. The British were encouraging the arrival of labor from China and India in the interest of the colonial economy of tin mining, trading and farming. Separation of Singapore from Malaysia in 1965 due to the concept of Malaysia to the Philippines which was not directly dispute the status and privileges of the Malays has diapi-naming of Lee Kuan Yew fueled anti-Chinese and anti-Malay. Bloody events that occurred on May 13, 1969 have revealed the true manifestation of the feelings of the three largest ethnic groups in Malaysia. Bloody events also forcing the government to declare a state of emergency. This declaration has led to a parliamentary system of government is suspended. Since the Japanese occupation during the Second World War, Japan adopted a policy of anti-Chinese and pro-Malay bias has angered the Chinese and the Malays. National Consultative Council was established to ensure the effectiveness of the NOC, the National Consultative Council which is responsible for discussing and reviewing issues of national unity and resolve to find a way multi-ethnic society. Unity to be achieved not only involve the consolidation race but was found to be economic and social unification should be done. In connection with the National Consultative Council have agreed to form a national ideology that became known as the Pillars of the five key principles: Kepercayaan kepada Tuhan Kesetiaan kepada Raja dan Negara Keluhuran Perlembagaan Kedaulatan Undang-Undang Kesopanan dan Kesusilaan New Economic Policy was established through the Majlis Perundingan Negara as a catalyst to eradicate poverty and restructure society. Majlis Perundingan Negara also recommended the government to create the Jabatan Perpaduan Negara to implement the activities of the Muhibah in the form of Muhibah and Pejabat Muhibah at the federal, state, region and area has been established under the provisions of the Essential Regulations (Pejabat Muhibah) 1969 which was gazetted on July 18, 1969. à ¦Ã…“-à ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ » à ¦Ã‹Å" ¾Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ¹ à ¥Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬ Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ­-à §Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ ©Ã… ¸Ã‚ ³ à ¦Ã…“-à ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ » à ¦Ã‹Å" ¾Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ¹ à ¥Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬ Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ­-à §Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ ©Ã… ¸Ã‚ ³ à ¦Ã…“-à ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ » à ¦Ã‹Å" ¾Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ¹ à ¥Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬ Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ­-à §Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ ©Ã… ¸Ã‚ ³ 2.1.1 ANSWER The objective of NEP was national unity but it also aims to restructure the socio-economic imbalance that exists in this country. As we know that a balanced distribution of economic importance in creating a united nation, as well as taking into account the poverty and the inability of some people to compete with other people then the NEP was designed to improve the situation. The primary objective of this introduction is to create national unity by reducing the economic, social, cultural, placement and so forth. n other words, DEBs designed to eliminate race in the country with all the general poverty among the Malays and other Bumiputras, this is precisely the most particular and the earliest settlers of the country. DEB will ensure that all ethnic Malays and Indians in particular, will be the same for Chinas prosperity. In these times, until today, our leaders believe that when all the games are the same country will enjoy stability and prosperity, peace and harmony. With the equitable sharing of the prosperity of all, the three main competition will be happy and satisfied in Malaysia, which will greatly help in the maintenance of peace and harmonious country. With the new economic policy, the Government must ensure that the May 13, 1969 racial riots will not happen again in the future.With equal share of prosperity all, the three major races in Malaysia will be happy and contented; this will contribute greatly in maintaining peace, and harmony in the country. With the New Economic Policy, the government wants to ensure that the incidents of racial riots of 13 May 1969 will never happen again in the future. 2.2 INTRODUCTION The tension between those who are wealthy and not wealthy is a result of poverty. It was found that the Malays are facing more poverty than other races. Found also the Malays are still lagging behind and less able to compete with other races even though Malaysia had good economic growth. The NEP was designed as a long-term program that will run for 20 years, starting from 1970 to 1990. Development plans under the New Economic Policy is carried out through a two-pronged strategy: restructuring of society to reduce and eventually eliminate the identification of race with economic function. eradication of poverty irrespective of race 2.2.1 ANSWER Goals of poverty eradication is achieved, the strategy focused on eliminating poverty in rural and urban areas. Based on 1970 population census shows that about 49.3% of all poor families in the Philippines income below the poverty line (income poverty line 1970 population is RM200.00) and about 86% of that number are in rural areas. To achieve this objective, the government has implemented a variety of services and facilities through the provision of education, health, water and electricity. In addition, preference is given to the poor to get help, such as fertilizer subsidy assistance program, educational scholarships and textbooks, supplementary food to children and low-cost housing program. Create employment opportunities for all groups of people who are unemployed. To provide opportunities for transfer of persons working in low productivity sectors to more lucrative sectors. Increase the productivity and income. Reducing the income gap between races between urban and rural areas and between regions and also modernize rural life. Need to establish indigenous groups and commercial companies. Organize a working environment that reflects the racial composition in Malaysia.à ¦Ã…“-à ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ » à ¦Ã‹Å" ¾Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ¹ à ¥Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬ Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ­-à §Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ ©Ã… ¸Ã‚ ³ Toward the end date of the NEP, the objectives to eradicate poverty have been achieved. To ensure that both goals were achieved in the NEP, the government has tried to improve the economic situation and at the same time, eliminating the identification of race with economic function. Based on the imbalance between the races, the government has launched several programs such as industry and trade, agriculture, mining, construction, transport and agriculture. To achieve the second goal of the NEP, various strategies have been designed, including: Reducing the imbalance in the structure of employment to the participation of various races in the primary sector will reflect the position of the labor force by 1990 the racial composition. Adding to the fast part of the people of Pakistan in possession of the productive sector. Special attention will be focused on indigenous people are a bit behind compared to other races. Raising productivity and living standards of poor people in rural areas. To ensure the establishment of a commercial and industrial community among the Malays and natives as they manage and own at least 30% of all levels of economic activity such as MARA, Bank Pembangunan, Bank Bumiputera, Amanah Saham Nasional. Advancing the state and region that are considered backward by the new regional development such as DARA, KESEDAR, KEJORA and so on. 2.2.2 CONCLUSION As a conclusion, New Economic Policy, aimed at national unity through poverty eradication and restructuring of society in the context of a strong national security. All national development programs and policies introduced by the government during planned and implemented to achieve the above objectives. This will require not only the determined efforts of the government and its employees, but it requires a change of attitude, energy and mindset of people from the private sector. Although the NEP was hailed in some quarters as having reduced the socioeconomic disparity between the Chinese minority and Malay majority, others accused it of having reduced non-Malays to the status of second-class citizens by cementing ketuanan Melayu (Malay supremacy). The NEP is often invoked as part of the Malay Agenda, which is in turn part of the Malaysian social contract granting Malays special rights in return for citizenship for non-Malays.

Software Piracy in Lebanon :: Software Piracy Expository Essays

Software Piracy in Lebanon Abstract What is it about copying software that is desirable? Simply because it is free. In the United States, one might think twice before copying a Microsoft product. Copyright issues are all over the media --remember Napster? For a period of a year, we read countless stories of students all over the US and the world that were arrested for copying and trading MP3s. However, travel across the Atlantic to the chaotic world of Lebanon and one would not even think twice about copying a version of Microsoft Office 2000. What is the likelihood of getting caught? Pretty much a 0% chance. With political chaos surrounding Lebanon since its independence in 1943, the lack of law enforcement allows a variety of of crimes to occur -- one of the biggest ones being software piracy. About 89% of the software in Lebanon is illegally obtained. Section I gives a brief overview of how the origins of Lebanon. Section II describes the politics of Lebanon. The objective of Section I and Section II is to demonstrate to the reader how the lack of a stable government and any true law enforcement allows for so much piracy. Section III discusses in greater detail software piracy and Intellectual Property protection in Lebanon. Section IV gives the author’s point of view. Sources and endnotes can be found in Section V and Section VI respectively. Section I: Introduction Establishing Lebanon2 The history of the Middle East is rich with an eclectic mix of ethnicities and culture. Before World War I, the region that we now call the Middle East was ruled by the Ottoman Empire. After the end of World War I, the Ottoman Empire diminished. Turkey emerged through the works of the Allies. Mesopotamia, an area filled with tradition and profitable goods, was split between Britain and France. With the support of the French, the Maronites, a sect of the Roman Catholic Church, established a strong political status in what is now modern day Beirut, Tripoli, and most of the Lebanon coast. Starting in the early 1900s, the Maronites had pressed for the expansion of this small Lebanese territory to what they argued was its natural and historical boundaries. Their argument was that the area had always had a unique social and historical character, different from its surroundings, which made it mandatory for the French to grant it as an independent state.

Drinking Alcoholic Beverages †Paper Essay

An alcoholic beverage is a drink containing ethanol, commonly known as alcohol. Alcoholic beverages are divided into three general classes: beers, wines, and spirits (or distilled beverage). They are legally consumed in most countries, and over 100 countries have laws regulating their production, sale, and consumption.[1] In particular, such laws specify the minimum age at which a person may legally buy or drink them. This minimum age varies between 16 and 25 years, depending upon the country and the type of drink. Most nations set it at 18 years of age.[1] The production and consumption of alcohol occurs in most cultures of the world, from hunter-gatherer peoples to nation-states.[2][3] Alcoholic beverages are often an important part of social events in these cultures. Alcohol is a psychoactive drug classified as depressant. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) recently redefined the term â€Å"binge drinking† as any time one reaches a peak BAC of 0.08% or higher as opposed to some (arguably) arbitrary number of drinks in an evening.[4] A high blood alcohol content (BAC) is usually considered to be legal drunkenness because it reduces attention and slows reaction speed. However, alcohol can be addictive known as alcoholism. Health effects of moderate drinking Longevity In a 2010 long-term study of an older population, the beneficial effects of moderate drinking were confirmed, but abstainers and heavy drinkers showed an increase of about 50% in mortality (even after controlling for confounding factors).[57] Ethanol has been found to double the lifespans of worms feed 0.005% ethanol but does not markedly increase at higher concentrations.[58] [edit] Diabetes Daily consumption of a small amount of pure alcohol by older women may slow or prevent the onset of diabetes by lowering the level of blood glucose.[59] However, the researchers caution that the study used pure alcohol and that alcoholic beverages contain additives, including sugar, which would negate this effect.[59] People with diabetes should avoid sugary drinks such as dessert wines and liqueurs.[60] [edit] Heart disease Main article: Alcohol and cardiovascular disease Alcohol consumption by the elderly results in increased longevity, which is almost entirely a result of lowered coronary heart disease.[61] A British study found that consumption of two units of alcohol (one regular glass of wine) daily by doctors aged 48+ years increased longevity by reducing the risk of death by ischaemic heart disease and respiratory disease.[62] Deaths for which alcohol consumption is known to increase risk accounted for only 5% of the total deaths, but this figure increased among those who drank more than two units of alcohol per day.[62] One study found that men who drank moderate amounts of alcohol three or more times a week were up to 35% less likely to have a heart attack than non-drinkers, and men who increased their daily alcohol consumption by one drink over the 12 years of the study had a 22% lower risk of heart attack.[63] Daily intake of one or two units of alcohol (a half or full standard glass of wine) is associated with a lower risk of coronary heart disease in men over 40, and in women who have been through menopause.[64] However, getting drunk one or more times per month put women at a significantly increased risk of heart attack, negating alcohol’s potential protective effect.[65] Increased longevity due to alcohol consumption is almost entirely the result of a reduced rate of coronary heart disease.[61] CHEMICAL A substance with a distinct molecular composition that is produced by or used in a chemical process. Chemical substances (also called pure substances) may well be defined as â€Å"any material with a definite chemical composition† in an introductory general chemistry textbook.[2] According to this definition a chemical substance can either be a pure chemical element or a pure chemical compound. But, there are exceptions to this definition; a pure substance can also be defined as a form of matter that has both definite composition and distinct properties.[3] The chemical substance index published by CAS also includes several alloys of uncertain composition.[4] Non-stoichiometric compounds are a special case (in inorganic chemistry) that violates the law of constant composition, and for them, it is sometimes difficult to draw the line between a mixture and a compound, as in the case of palladium hydride. Broader definitions of chemicals or chemical substances can be found, for example: â€Å"the term ‘chemical substance’ means any organic or inorganic substance of a particular molecular identity, including – (i) any combination of such substances occurring in whole or in part as a result of a chemical reaction or occurring in nature†[5] In geology, substances of uniform composition are called minerals, while physical mixtures (aggregates) of several minerals (different substances) are defined as rocks. Many minerals, however, mutually dissolve into solid solutions, such that a single rock is a uniform substance despite being a ‘mixture’. Feldspars are a common example: anorthoclase is an alkali aluminum silicate, where the alkali metal is interchangeably either sodium or potassium. History The concept of a â€Å"chemical substance† became firmly established in the late eighteenth century after work by the chemist Joseph Proust on the composition of some pure chemical compounds such as basic copper carbonate.[6] He deduced that, â€Å"All samples of a compound have the same composition; that is, all samples have the same proportions, by mass, of the elements present in the compound.† This is now known as the law of constant composition.[7] Later with the advancement of methods for chemical synthesis particularly in the realm of organic chemistry; the discovery of many more chemical elements and new techniques in the realm of analytical chemistry used for isolation and purification of elements and compounds from chemicals that led to the establishment of modern chemistry, the concept was defined as is found in most chemistry textbooks. However, there are some controversies regarding this definition mainly because the large number of chemical substances repo rted in chemistry literature need to be indexed. Isomerism caused much consternation to early researchers, since isomers have exact the same composition, but differ in configuration (arrangement) of the atoms. For example, there was much speculation for the chemical identity of benzene, until the correct structure was described by Friedrich August Kekulà ©. Likewise, the idea of stereoisomerism – that atoms have rigid three-dimensional structure and can thus form isomers that differ only in their three-dimensional arrangement – was another crucial step in understanding the concept of distinct chemical substances. For example, tartaric acid has three distinct isomers, a pair of diastereomers with one diastereomer forming two enantiomers. chemical is a form of matter that has constant chemical composition and characteristic properties.[1] It cannot be separated into components by physical separation methods, i.e. without breaking chemical bonds. It can be solid, liquid or gas. Chemical substances are often called ‘pure’ to set them apart from mixtures. A common example of a chemical substance is pure water; it has the same properties and the same ratio of hydrogen to oxygen whether it is isolated from a river or made in a laboratory. Other chemical substances commonly encountered in pure form are diamond (carbon), gold, table salt (sodium chloride) and refined sugar (sucrose). However, simple or seemingly pure substances found in nature can in fact be mixtures of chemical substances. For example, tap water may contain small amounts of dissolved sodium chloride and compounds containing iron, calcium and many other chemical substances. Cigarette Smoking The 1982 United States Surgeon General’s report stated that â€Å"Cigarette smoking is the major single cause of cancer mortality [death] in the United States.† This statement is as true today as it was then. Tobacco use is responsible for nearly 1 in 5 deaths in the United States. Because cigarette smoking and tobacco use are acquired behaviors − activities that people choose to do – smoking is the most preventable cause of death in our society. The 1982 United States Surgeon General’s report stated that â€Å"Cigarette smoking is the major single cause of cancer mortality [death] in the United States.† This statement is as true today as it was then. Tobacco use is responsible for nearly 1 in 5 deaths in the United States. Because cigarette smoking and tobacco use are acquired behaviors − activities that people choose to do – smoking is the most preventable cause of death in our society. Who smokes cigarettes? Adults The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report that about 43.8 million US adults were cigarette smokers in 2011 (the most recent year for which numbers are available). This is 19% of all adults (21.6% of men, 16.5% of women) − about 1 out of 5 people. There were more cigarette smokers in the younger age groups. In 2011, the CDC reported 22.1% of people 25 to 44 years old were current smokers, compared with 7.9% of those aged 65 or older.High school and middle school students.Nationwide, 18% of high school students were smoking cigarettes in 2011. The most recent survey of middle school students, done in 2011, shows that about 4% were smoking cigarettes. In both high schools and middle schools, white and Hispanic students were more likely to smoke cigarettes than other races/ethnicities. Effects of smoking on how long you live and your quality of life Cigarette smokers die younger than non-smokers. In fact, according to a study done in the late 1990s by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), smoking shortened male smokers’ lives by 13.2 years and female smokers’ lives by 14.5 years. Men and women who smoke are much more likely to die between the ages of 35 and 69 than those who have never smoked. But not all of the health problems related to smoking result in deaths. Smoking affects a smoker’s health in many ways, harming nearly every organ of the body and causing many diseases. The diseases often seen are chronic bronchitis, emphysema, heart attacks, strokes, and cancer. And some studies have found that male smokers may be more likely to be sexually impotent (have erectile dysfunction) than non-smokers. These problems can steal away a person’s quality of life long before death. Smoking-related illness can limit a person’s daily life by making it harder to breathe, get around, work, or play. Smoking can cause or worsen poor blood flow in the arms and legs (peripheral vascular disease or PVD.) Surgery to improve the blood flow often doesn’t work in people who keep smoking. Because of this, many vascular surgeons (surgeons who work on blood vessels) won’t do certain surgeries on patients with PVD unless they stop smoking. The smoke from cigarettes (called secondhand smoke or environmental tobacco smoke) can also have harmful health effects on those exposed to it. Adults and children can have health problems from breathing secondhand smoke. (See our documents called Secondhand Smoke and Women and Smoking.) O.T.C DRUGS Over-the-counter (OTC) medicines are drugs you can buy without a prescription. Some OTC medicines relieve aches, pains and itches. Some prevent or cure diseases, like tooth decay and athlete’s foot. Others help manage recurring problems, like migraines. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration decides whether a medicine is safe enough to sell over-the-counter. Taking OTC medicines still has risks. Some interact with other medicines, supplements, foods or drinks. Others cause problems for people with certain medical conditions. If you’re pregnant, talk to your health care provider before taking any medicines. It is important to take medicines correctly, and be careful when giving them to children. More medicine does not necessarily mean better. You should never take OTC medicines longer or in higher doses than the label recommends. If your symptoms don’t go away, it’s a clear signal that it’s time to see your healthcare provider. Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs are medicines that may be sold directly to a consumer without a prescription from a healthcare professional, as compared to prescription drugs, which may be sold only to consumers possessing a valid prescription. In many countries, OTC drugs are selected by a regulatory agency to ensure that they are ingredients that are safe and effective when used without a physician’s care. OTC drugs are usually regulated by active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), not final products. By regulating APIs instead of specific drug formulations, governments allow manufacturers freedom to formulate ingredients, or combinations of ingredients, into proprietary mixtures.[1] The term over-the-counter may be somewhat counterintuitive, since, in many countries, these drugs are often located on the shelves of stores like any other packaged product. In contrast, prescription drugs are almost always passed over a counter from the pharmacist to the customer. Some drugs may be legally classified as over-the-counter (i.e., no prescription is required), but may only be dispensed by a pharmacist after an assessment of the patient’s needs and/or the provision of patient education. In many countries, a number of OTC drugs are available in establishments without a pharmacy, such as general stores, supermarkets, gas stations, etc. Regulations detailing the establishments where drugs may be sold, who is authorized to dispense them, and whether a prescription is required vary considerably from country to country. Restricted OTC Substances An ill-defined third category of substances comprises those products having over-the-counter status from the FDA, while being simultaneously subject to other restrictions on sale. While these products are legally classified as OTC drugs, they are typically stored behind the pharmacy counter and are sold only in stores employing a registered pharmacist; such items may be unavailable in convenience or grocery stores that stock other non-restricted OTC medications. For example, many U.S. drugstores have moved products containing pseudoephedrine, an OTC product, into locations where customers must ask a pharmacist for them. A prescription is not required; the change has been made in an effort to reduce methamphetamine production. Since the passage of the Illinois Methamphetamine Precursor Control Act and the subsequent Federal Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005, the purchase of pseudoephedrine in the United States is restricted. Sellers of pseudoephedrine must obtain and record the identity of the purchaser and enforce quantity restrictions. Some states may have more stringent requirements (e.g., Oregon , where a medical prescription is required to purchase any quantity of pseudoephedrine). After initial attempts to control meth use by requiring documentation of sale with government issued ID as well as limits on the quantity an individual could purchase failed to realize meaningful reductions in methamphetamine use and production, Mississippi passed House Bill 512 in the State Senate on February 2, 2010,† to require a prescription from a licensed medical professional to purchase over-the-counter medicines with pseudoephedrine, ephedrine, or any other precursor chemical that can readily and ill icitly be converted into methamphetamine, Methcathinone or any active/scheduled analogs of Phenylethylamines/ amphetamine. Despite these restrictions, products containing the substance are still OTC in most states, since no prescription is required. RELATED LAWS Laws Related to Drugs and Alcohol Here are a few of the laws in regards to alcohol and drugs. Do not think that this list is exhaustive, there are more. These are the commonly encountered laws by IU Police Officers. The following laws are current as of January 2003. The following text should be used as a guide not the definitive answer. Some text from the excerpts was omitted. Search the Indiana Code. Alcohol Related * IC 7.1-5-7-1 False statements of age Sec. 1. (a) It is a Class C infraction for a minor to make a false statement of the minor’s age or to present or offer false or fraudulent evidence of majority or identity to a permittee for the purpose of ordering, purchasing, attempting to purchase, or otherwise procuring or attempting to procure an alcoholic beverage. (b) In addition to the penalty under subsection (a), a minor who: (1) uses a false or altered driver’s license or the driver’s license of another person as evidence of majority under this section; or (2) is convicted of purchasing or procuring an alcoholic beverage with or without using a false or altered driver’s license; shall have the minor’s driver’s license suspended for up to one (1) year in accordance with IC 9-24-18-8 and IC 9-30-4-9. (c) Upon entering a judgment for the infraction under this section, the court shall forward a copy of the judgment to the bureau of motor vehicles for the purpose of complying with subsection (b). * IC 7.1-5-7-2 Furnishing false evidence of identification Sec. 2. It is a Class C misdemeanor for a person to sell, give, or furnish to a minor false or fraudulent evidence of majority or identity with the intent to violate a provision of this title. * IC 7.1-5-7-3 Possession of false identity Sec. 3. It is a Class C infraction for a minor to have in his possession false or fraudulent evidence of majority or identity with the intent to violate a provision of this title. * IC 7.1-5-7-7 Illegal possession Sec. 7. (a) It is a Class C misdemeanor for a minor to knowingly: (1) possess an alcoholic beverage; (2) consume it; or (3) transport it on a public highway when not accompanied by at least one (1) of his parents or guardians. (b) If a minor is found to have violated subsection (a) while operating a motor vehicle, the court may order the minor’s driver’s license suspended for up to one (1) year. However, if the minor is less than eighteen (18) years of age, the court shall order the minor’s driver’s license suspended for at least sixty (60) days. (c) The court shall deliver any order suspending the minor’s driver’s license under this section to the bureau of motor vehicles, which shall suspend the minor’s driver’s license under IC 9-24-18-12 for the period ordered by the court. * IC 7.1-5-7-8 Sales to minors prohibited Sec. 8. (a) It is a Class C misdemeanor for a person to recklessly sell, barter, exchange, provide, or furnish an alcoholic beverage to a minor. (b) This section shall not be construed to impose civil liability upon any educational institution of higher learning, including but not limited to public and private universities and colleges, business schools, vocational schools, and schools for continuing education, or its agents for injury to any person or property sustained in consequence of a violation of this section unless such institution or its agent sells, barters, exchanges, provides, or furnishes an alcoholic beverage to a minor. * IC 7.1-5-7-15 Aiding unlawful possession Sec. 15. A person twenty-one (21) years of age or older who knowingly or intentionally encourages, aids, or induces a minor to unlawfully possess an alcoholic beverage commits a Class C infraction. * IC 7.1-5-1-3 Public intoxication prohibited Sec. 3. It is a Class B misdemeanor for a person to be in a public place or a place of public resort in a state of intoxication caused by the person’s use of alcohol or a controlled substance (as defined in IC 35-48-1-9). * IC 7.1-5-1-6 Intoxication upon common carrier prohibited Sec. 6. It is a Class B misdemeanor for a person to be, or to become, intoxicated as a result of the person’s use of alcohol or a controlled substance (as defined in IC 35-48-1-9) in or upon a vehicle commonly used for the public transportation of passengers, or in or upon a common carrier, or in or about a depot, station, airport, ticket office, waiting room or platform.